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大学英语写作精要
第一章
四级英语写作概述
第一节 大纲要求
四级考试短文写作的设计旨在测试学生用书面英语表达思想的一般能力。教育部最新修订的“大学英语教学大纲”规定，学生在达到四级水平时应作到：能在阅读难度与课文相仿的书面材料时作笔记，回答问题和写提纲，能就一定的话题和提纲在半个小时内写出 120-150 词的短文，能写短信或便条，表达意思清楚，无重大语言错误。
一、大学英语四级作文考试大纲(新)要求：
1．写作要求：
1)时间为 3O 分钟。
2)文章长度为 120—15O 词。
3)题型：
a．命题作文
b．情景作文
c．看图表作文
d．给段首句作文
e．给关键词作文。
4)语言：能正确表达思想，意义连贯，文理基本通顺，无重大语法错误。
5)内容：一般社会、文化或日常生活方面的常识和看法。
注：全国大学英语四级考试委员会规定：从 1992 年开始，在大学英语四级考试中设“作文最低分制”即作文最低分为六分；若考生作文成绩介于零分和六分之间，则其最后总成绩=卷面总分—6+作文得分；若考生作文成绩为零分，无论其总分多高，均按不及格记。
2．评分
2.1 评分原则
l)CET-4 是检查考生是否达到《大学英语教学大纲》规定的四级教学要求的考试，因此对作文的评判应以此要求为准则。
2)CET-4 作文题采用总体评分方法。阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分而不按语言点的错误数目扣分。
3)从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是个统一体，作文应表达题目所规定的内容，而内容要通过语言来表达。要考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表达思想，还要考虑是否用英语清楚地表达思想，也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。
4)避免趋中倾向。该给高分的给高分，该给低分的给低分，包括零分。一名阅卷人员在所评阅的全部试卷中不应只给中间的几种分数。
2.2 评分标准
本题满分为 15 分，阅卷标准共分五等：2 分，5 分，8 分， 11 分及 14 分。阅卷人员根据阅卷标准，对照样卷评分，若认为与某一分数(如 8 分)相似，即定为该分数(如 8 分)；若认为稍优或稍劣于该分数，则可以加一分(即 9 分)或减一分(即 7 分)。但不得加或减半分。具体标准如下：
2 分一条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。
5 分一基本切题，表达思想不够清楚，连贯性差，有较多的严重语言错误。
8 分一基本切题，有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯，但语言错误较多，其中有少量的严重错误。
11 分一切题，表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。
14 分一切题，表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性较好，基本上无语言错误。
注：白卷，作文与题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想，则给 0 分；特别
优秀的作文也可评 15 分。
作文字数不足应酌情扣分：
累计字数在 9O—99 之间，扣 1 分；
累计字数在 80—89 之间，扣 2 分；
累计字数在 70—79 之间，扣 3 分；
累计字数在 60—69 之间，扣 4 分；
累计字数在 50—59 之间，扣 5 分；
累计字数在 50 以下，最多给 5 分。
从以上评分标准来看，要在四级考试作文题中得高分，必须做到：内容切题，语言准确，表达清楚，文字连贯，句法多变。
第二节 四级写作命题剖析
一、命题范围——题材现实性
四级考试已经历时 16 年了。经过对 1987 年 6 月至 2O02 年 6 月作文命题题材的分析、归类研究，我们可以得出一个明确的结论：四级写作的题材具有显著的现实性。它们基本贴近大学生的学习、工作及课余生活，或涉及当前社会的变化、发展及进步，或者一般的科普性话题。总之，四级写作的题材不会出现偏题、怪题等现象，也不会让学生写一些不熟悉的社会现象或者与学生生活缺乏联系的科技题材的题目。另外，值得考生注意的是，自从 1998 年以来，大学英语考试作文项目，四、六级共用同一题材命题。这就要求四级考生的写作水平与六级水平接近，其惟一的差异只是字数的差异。四级写作要求 120—150 词，六级写作要求 150 词。
1．关于学习及校园生活
通过对 l987 年 6 月至 2001 年 6 月的 21 套四级考试写作题题材的分析归纳，可发现关于学习及校园生活的题总共有 15 篇，占总数的 52％。这些题材贴近学生的学习体验、校园生活、业余活动等，是学生最熟悉和了解的话题，所以也应该是考生最易于有感而发的题材。
2．关于社会发展变化的热门题材
这类题材在分析归纳的 26 篇真题中为 6 篇，占总数的 23％。这类题材反映当时社会主要变化，属于热门话题。所以，考生在正常学习英语的同时，应多读些英语报刊，如 21st Century、China、daily、Reader"s Digest、Times、《英语沙龙》等。阅读时文不仅可提高英语阅读能力，也可从中学到许多具有时代气息的新词及表达方式，这对于提高写作能力，写出具有时代感的作文来，是很有帮助的。
3.关于常识、格言的题材
常识格言题材在所分析归纳的 26 篇真题作文中占 7 篇，为总数的 27％。这类题材一般为说理议论文，其内容贴近学生的思维范畴。考生只要理清文思，便可以写出符合要求，甚至漂亮的作文。有关此类题材的真题作文列举如下，供参考。
二、命题思路——体裁多样性
四级考试作文项目的命题指导思想以《大学英语教学大纲》及《大学英语四级考试大纲》为依据，试卷上可能给出题目，或规定情景，或要求看图作文，或给出段首句要求续写，或给出关键词要求写成短文，或要求分析图表作文，或为日常应用文(如信函、简历等)。
通过对 2O 余套四级作文真题的分析和归纳，可以看出四级作文的体裁多样，主要有论说文、记叙文、图表作文、应用文等。
1．论说文体裁
论说文是四级作文的重点命题体裁。所占比重较大。论说文的作用是陈述各种理由，发表作者自己的看法观点。作者依靠推理和论证来阐述自己的观点，力图说服读者，使人相信某种假设或道理。议论文具有论战思辨的特点，所以往往措辞较强烈，语气倾向性明显，观点个性鲜明。
近年来，四级作文命题注重考生的思辨能力，不仅要求考生推理论证，谈经论道，还要求考生表达个人观点。比如 Can Money Buy Happiness, Don"t Hesitate to say“No”， Do Lucky Numbers Really Bring Luck，Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary 等等，都是明显的论说文体裁。这些命题要求考生针对问题论述，只有立场鲜明、观点明确、理由充分、文理通顺，才能获得作文高分。所以，四级写作中的论说文体裁，不仅仅是测验英文文字处理能力，更重要的是它测验了考生的思想内涵及思考能力。因此，应试时，构思谋篇之后再提笔行文，议之头头是道，论之语出惊人，再加上顺畅流利的语言表达，才是四级作文高分突破的关键所在。
这类体裁的写作在四、六级考试中占了很大的比重，在总共 26 篇四级写作分析中，此类体裁占了将近 90％。所以，学生对此类体裁应该予以特别的关注。
2．记叙文体裁
记叙文是用来记叙一件事实的体裁，其写作三要素为环境(where)，人物(who)，情节(what)。记叙的基本线索是时间顺序。通常行文中用一些表示时间的词语(如 when，while，before，after，then，during，suddenly，finally，at last 等)把一系列事件和动作连接起来，构成一个完整的记叙。记叙文记叙的一般为已发生过的事情，所以一般采用过去时态。这是中国学生写作时容易出错的地方。因此仔细审题并在完成作文后细致纠错是十分必要的。在历年的四级作文中这一体裁仅出现过一次。
记叙文虽然在迄今为止的历年四级作文中只出现过一次，但记叙文是学习遣词造句、把事件按一定时空顺序表达完整清晰的基本功。因此，学习英文写作时，记叙文体裁的短文应有一定的习作练习。
3．图表作文
《大学英语教学大纲》对于写作能力的要求中专门提到了学生应该能学会描述图表，然后就图表中所出现的问题进行原因分析，或者针对图表中所出现的问题提出考生的建议。此类体裁在四、六级的写作中也已经屡见不鲜了。
4．应用文体裁
《大学英语教学大纲》对于写作能力的要求中专门提到了学生应能写日常应用文(如信函、简历等)。应用文是人们在学习、生 产、工作、生活中传递信息以达到交际目的的一种文体，它要求言简意赅、条理清楚，不需过分的文饰。常见应用文包括私人书信(private letter)、社交书信(social letter)、其他书信(other letters)、便条、备忘录、求职信、简历等。应用文体裁的写作命题在四级考试中出现过两次，而且是在最近的几次四六级考试中，所以，应该引起学生的注意。
三、作文类型——模式化
分析归纳四级考试写作题，可将其分为四大类型。
1．对立观点型
这类作文多为提纲式作文，是四级考试写作中最常见的作文形式。如：
[案例]
Can Money Buy Happiness (1995.1)
a．有人认为金钱是幸福之本(source of happiness)
b．也有人认为金钱是万恶之源(root of evil)
c．我的看法
2．问题解决型
这类作文一般为图表式作文，或表格式作文，有时也有提纲式命题。这类作文要求考生就所给出的信息描述情形、分析原因，然后提出自己的看法、对策或结论。
[案例]
Global Shortage of Fresh Water
a．人们以为淡水是取之不尽的(提示：雨水、河水、井水)
b．实际上淡水是非常紧缺的(提示：人口增加、工业用水、污染)
c．我们应该怎么办
3．说明利弊型
这类作文在四级考试作文中较为常见。命题要求考生描述某一社会或客观现象，并就其优缺点加以分析评论，然后得出考生个人的看法、态度或结论。
[案例]
Is Failure a Bad Thing (1992.1)
a．失败是常有的事
b．人们对失败有各种不同的态度
c．我对失败的态度
4．阐述主题型
这一类型的作文多为议论文，有时以格言或谚语为议论对象。要求考生提供论据加以说明。
[案例]
Practice Makes Perfect (1997.1 CET-4)
a．怎样理解“熟能生巧”
b．例如：在英语学习中……
c．又如，……
第三节 应试技巧
上面我们讲述了大学英语四级考试短文写作的段落发展和全篇布局等方面的技巧，那么在应试时我们具体应该怎么做呢?如何顺利地完成短文部分?考试时都有哪些应该注意的地方呢?下面我们就针对这些问题进行阐述。
应试时可参照以下过程进行：
审题——草拟提纲——紧扣主题句完成段落——检查。
下面就进行具体说明。
一. 审明题意
审题就是理解题意，抓住中心。写作时，首先仔细分析题目，准确理解题目含义，弄清作文题目的选材范围以及题目的其他具体要求，这是作文成败的关键一步。
审题，不仅要分析题目，还要结合给出的提示句，首先明确文章要写的内容，即文章要围绕什么主题来写，这是保证整篇文章切题的关键；其次，确定文章所需的主语人称，人称混乱是中国学生常犯的一个毛病，而在审题阶段确定人称是避免文章人称混乱的有效途径；最后，注意文章对动词的时态、语气有无特殊要求。
比如，大学英语四级考试作文标题为“What Would Happen lf There Were No Power”。如果只看标题，就无法确定文章的主题内容。因为“power”一词含义广泛，有权利、政权、电力、能力、体力、精力等许多意思。这里“power”究竟是什么意思呢?这就要结合提示句来看了。文章各段的提示句分别为: 1． Ever since early this century, electricity has become an essential part of our modern life;
2．If there were no electric power—
3．Therefore—
结合提示句，首先可以确定文章的主题内容是写什么，会发生什么事情,会对人们和社会产生什么影响。其次，文章的主语人称,可以选 we，也可以选 people,但二者必须确定其一,不宜混用。第三,要注意文章第二段需用虚拟语气,这是一个特殊之处，绝不可忽略。假如应试者把这种假设写成真实情况，即没有用虚拟语气，文章写得再好也不会得高分。
又例如，作文标题是“Make the Most of School Days”，各段提示分别为：
1．为什么上学；
2．在校时应与老师接触；
3．在校时只钻书本或置学习于不顾都不好。
综合标题和提示我们可确定：首先,文章主题内容是关于要充分利用学校的大好时光。其次,文章主语可选 we，也可选 students，但二者不可混用。最后，文章宜用现在完成时。
二. 构思、拟订提纲
构思就是思考主题所需要的题材。吃透题目中心以后，围绕着主题搜索有关资料，迅速地进行恰当的取舍,将其组合排列成复合主题的词组、短语或句子。
构思方法和过程：
1．将脑海里闪现出的与主题有关的词、短语和句子马上写下来，否则就会一晃而过。
2．通过自我提问的方式，打开思路。提问可围绕 what， who， when， how，why 等问题展开，或从中选择主要问题，也可提出类似以下的问题，如：
(l)What is my opinion of it?
Is it good or bad? Is it beneficial or harmful?
(2)What is my attitude toward it?
Do I Like it or dislike it?
Do l accept it or reject it?
(3)What have l observed about it?
What is special or unique about it?
What sticks me about it?
(4)What can l suggest about it?
What should be done?
What should not be done?
3．将这些杂乱无章的资料进行整理和取舍。以“Benefits of Sports and Games”为例，根据题目确定中心。首先可能想到的有关内容为：
good to health， make us strong， Physical exercise， enrich life, courage, skill, prevent people from fat， train collectivist spirit， beneficial mental workers，be versatile, etc．
筛选整理后的内容为：
make us strong
help mental worker
exercise
their
bodies
make one"s life rich and colorful
make one versatile
do good in character training
enhance courage
train collectivist spirit
也可通过提问，打开思路后，再拟订提纲。
拟订提纲就是把构思好的题材按作文主旨的要求，按照一定的模式组织成层次清楚、合乎逻辑、前后连贯的作文框架。
经过对题目的酝酿和构思，把筛选好的内容按前后、重要次序排列好，整理归纳成文章的框架。我们仍以“Benefits of Sports and Games”为例，根据筛选整理的内容，主要采用列举法拟订以下提纲。
A． Benefits of body health
a． Make us strong
b． Especially help mental workers exercise their bodies
B． Benefits to life variety
a． Make one versatile
b． Enrich one"s life with sports and games
C． Benefits to character training
a． Enhance courage and enthusiasm
b． Train collectivist spirit
我们再来看一个例题：
Title：
Fake Commodity
Outline：
(l)假冒伪劣产品在当今社会为什么如此盛行；
(2)假冒伪劣产品对社会和个人有哪些损害；
(3)你的观点。
本文第一段中的关键宇是“为什么、盛行”，第二段中的关键字是“社会、个人、损害”。
在看段意构思的过程中可以在这些词下划线以示注意。在列提纲时一定要在题目的指导下把握文章的中心，同时也要考虑段与段之间的过渡。在列提纲之前可以针对段意中的关键词提“WH”问题。不过，有时段意本身就是问句，可直接回答。本文可能的提纲：
cheap comparably, price gap, don"t like filing claims, market system, fake appliance, cause fire, lose money, fake medicine, realize the worst result, resist
三. 紧扣主题句完成段落
主题句是作者思维的起点、切题的准绳、阐述的对象，而段落主题句则是统领段落中心内容的。好的段落主题句，不仅切题，便于围绕主题句进行扩展，而又常常给读者一种一针见血的感受。看到段落主题句，读者应大致了解段落要阐述的内容。因而段落主题句通常是一个语法结构完整，内容概括，用词简洁、明了的单句。通常将段落主题句置于段落的开头；可使文章结构更清晰，说服力更强。
拟段落主题句时要注意：首先将段落的主题句置于段落的开头：其次最好多用祈使句。即使不宜使用祈使句，也应选用句子结构简单的单句来做段落主题句。
有了段落主题句后，还需要顺着段落主题句的方向，参照提纲中的思路，从而完成各个段落。
另外，在写作的过程中还要注意以下两点：
1．词与表达
在具体写作的过程中，一定要做到用词准确，表达简明扼要。写作时要从读者的角度出发，开门见山，平铺直叙，简明扼要地把自己的思想表达清楚，切不可借此机会显示自己的文采，选用生僻的词语和句型，而导致文章表意不清，文体混乱，使读者不知其所云。要尽可能地选用自己有把握的词语和自己能熟练运用的句型来表达思想。这样做才能掌握造句的主动权，写出规范的文章。
2．逻辑组织
要写好一篇文章，就要讲究章法，遣词造句、组段谋篇，都要从全文考虑。
写作时注意上下文衔接，前后照应。要运用逻辑完成句子间的衔接和段落间的过渡。
(l)句子间的衔接
句子是文章的基础，从大学英语四级考试写作评分标准可见，句子结构是否完整，意思表达是否确切，有无重大语法错误是评分的主要依据。因此写好每一个句子是作文写作的关键。但是，文章不是句子的单纯堆砌。在写作过程中，一定要注意句子与句子之间的逻辑衔接，突出论据间的逻辑关系。在下笔以前要先想好每一段写几个句子，写什么样的句子，怎样安排句子的顺序和句子间的过渡，以避免出现与主题无关，前后矛盾的句子。此外，在具体写作的过程中，除了努力做到文章内容详实外，还要注意句子的多样性。在一个段落或一篇短文中，既有短句，又有长句，既有简单句，又有并列句和主从复合句，文章才会显得生动。
(2)段落间的过渡
在写作的过程中要注意段落间的互相联系，考虑段落的连接和转折，采用“启、承、转、合”等手法，恰当而合乎逻辑地把段落连接起来，使段落之间过渡自然，前后照应，否则文章就会显得松散、零乱，成为几个互相毫无联系的段落。
四. 检查修改
大学英语四级考试时间紧张，匆匆完稿之后，疏漏在所难免，因而有必要复查，修改，及时纠正偏差，堵塞漏洞，从而进一步提高作文质量。检查主要针对四个重点部位：
1．是否切题
它又分三个层面：一是整篇文章内容是否切合文章标题要求；二是段落主题句的内容是否与各段落提示句内容相一致；三是段落内部的内容是否与段落主题句的表达相一致。如果发现任何一个层面不切题，应尽可能弥补，删除那些多余的或不切题的地方；增添残缺的、语义表达不足的地方。由于时间所限，删的内容一定要精，要切中要害，切忌动“大手术”。
2．是否连贯
检查上下文是否连贯，句子衔接是否自然流畅，检验的标准主要是句子是否通顺，该用连接词的地方用了没有，以及所用的连接词是否合适。
3．是否有语法错误
主谓是否一致，动词的时态、语态、语气的使用是否正确，词组的搭配是否合乎习惯。为避免不必要的语法错误，对把握性不大的词组、句型绝不要用。而应使用那些自己熟悉的词组、句型来表达相同或相近的意思。
4．是否有大小写、拼写、标点错误
在这些细枝末节上，谨慎细心地处理，无疑会进一步提高文章的整体质量。在检查、改错的过程中，切忌乱涂乱抹。保持卷面清洁，无疑会给阅卷者留下好印象，
另外，在上述几个写作关键步骤中，时间的分配大致应该为：审题、拟题纲 10 分钟，拟主题句、完成段落 15 分钟，检查 5 分钟。
总之，对于大学英语四级考试作文，由于其题型比较固定，对应试者要求相对不高，因此，应试者有必要掌握一些写作技巧，多加练习，力争提高写作的质量和水平。
第二章
关联词
英语作文在语气上有"起、承、转、合"之分。"启"就是开头；"承"就是承接；"转"就是转让；"合"就是综合或总结。在专业写作课中对它的要求是十分严格的。每段的开头由表示"启、承、转、合"的字来引导。引言段表示"启"；第一扩展段表示"承"；第二扩展段表示"转"；结尾段表示"合"，因此形成"起--承--转--合"的情形。有时也有"起--承--承--合"或其它的情形出现，但这些不同的情形只是扩展段"承"、"转"的变化，且"启"与"合"的规律也不是固定不变的。
下面我们为大家精选了一些常用于"起、承、转、合"的词语，通过练习希望学生能掌握这些词语的运用。这样在考试中作文就会流畅、自然。
一．根据关联词在句中所处的位置，分为以下四类
1.常用于引言段开头的短语
Generally speaking，...
一般说来，……
It goes without saying that...
不用说
It is (quite) clear that... because...
很明显地……因为……
It is often said that...
常常有人说......
A proverb says...
有句谚语说：……
As the proverb says...
如谚语所说......
Many people often ask this question：“．．．?”
许多人常常问这个问题……
2．常用于第一个扩展段开头的短语
Therefore we should realize that...
因此我们应该了解……
We have reason to believe that…
我们有理由相信……
Everybody knows that...
每个人都知道……
It can be easily proved that...
很容易证明…… It is true that... ……是真实的 NO one can deny that... 谁也不能否认…… One thing which is equally important to the above mentioned is... 跟上述同样重要的一项是…… The chief reason why...is that... 为什么……的主要原因是…… We must recognize that... 我们必须承认…… There is no doubt that… 无疑地…… I am of the opinion that... 我认为…… This can be expressed as follows... 可分下列数点：…… To take... for an example... 以……为例，
(Now that) We know that...
(既然)我们知道...... What is more serious is that... 更重要的是……
3．常用于第二个扩展开头的词或短语(语气与第一个扩展段不同或相反)
Others may find this to be true，... 在别人看来可能是对的，……
There is a certain amount of truth in this． 这在大体上是对的。
Another special consideration in this case is that... .
对这个问题时另一考虑是......
But I don’t. I believe that... 但我个人并不这么认为。我认为……，
Though we are in basic agreement with... 虽然基本上我们同意……
What seems to be the trouble is... 似乎困难是在……
Yet differences will be found， that"s... 然而其中仍有不同的地方，…… Why I feel that... 这也是我为什么认为……
On the other hand... 另一方面，
Perhaps you will question why... 也许你会问为什么……
Besides， we should not neglect that... 除此以外，我们更不能忽视…… But it is a pity that... 但是有点可惜的是……
But the Problem is not so simple．Therefore，.. 然而问题并非如此简单。因此，……
However，... 然而,无论如何……
But we still have a problem with regard to...
不过对于......我们还有一点问题。
So long as you regard this as reasonable，...只 要你认为合理，…… You may … 你可以……
4．可以用于结尾段的短语
The result is dependent on... 结果根据……而定
From this point of view，... 从这个观点来看，……
In a word，... 总而言之，……
In conclusion，.
结论是，……
On account of this we can find that...
由此我们可以知道……
Thus，this is the reason
why
we must...
因此，这就是我们为什么必须……
二．根据关联词本身在文章中起到的作用，主要分为以下四类 1．与“启”有关的常用词语 at present 现在
currently 目前
first(ly)第一
now 现在
lately 最近
in general 一般来说 at first 最初
to begin with 首先，第一
to start with 首先，第一
in the beginning 起初
first of all 首先，第一
in the first place 首先，第一 recently 最近
generally speaking 一般来说 for one thing(for another)首次(其次) on the one hand(on the other hand)一方面(另一方面) It goes without saying that...
不用说……
2．有关“承”的常用词语 besides( this) 此外
certainly 无疑地，确实地 so 所以
truly 事实上；具实地 unlike… 不像……；和……不
what is more 而且，此外 of course 当然
incidentally 顺便让我一提 at any rate 无论如何
second(ly) 第二；第二点 third(ly) 第三；第三点
also／ too 并且；又，也 for example 例如
for instance 例如 as an example 例如
as another example 再如 namely 即，就是
then 然后 in addition to 除…之外
besides(this) 此外 in addition 此外
furthermore 而且，此外 moreover 而且，此外
after a while 过了一会儿 from now on 从此
later 后来； such as 正如
similarly 同样地 what is more 而且，
for another 其次
in other words 换句话说
in particular 特别，尤其 in the same way 同样地
soon 不久 consequently 结果
for the purpose 为此 indeed 的确
no doubt 无疑地 obviously 明显地
particularly 特别地 still 仍然
after that 此后 afterwards 此后
after a few days 几天之后 meanwhile 与此同时
at the same time 同时 by this time 此时
in particular 特别(地) in the same manner 同样地
3．有关“转”的常用词语(通常用来表示不同或相反的情况) at the same time
同时
by this time 此时
especially 特别地
fortunately 幸福地 in other words 换句话说
whereas 然而 after all 毕竟
but 但是 on the contrary 相反地
unlike 与……不同 on the other hand 另一方面
all the same 但是 unfortunately 不幸地
still 仍然 in fact 事实上
likewise 同样地 anyway 无论如何
yet 仍；然而
however 然而
nevertheless 尽管如此 although 尽管如此
no doubt 无疑地 conversely 相反地；否则
perhaps 或许 in the same way 同样地
Luckily 幸运地 despite 尽管
in spite of 尽管 in particular 特别地
as a matter of fact 事实上
4．有关“合”的常用词语 to sum up 总而言之
briefly 简要地说
above all 最重要的是
as a result 结果
for this reason 所以
hence 因此
finally 最后
in brief 简而言之 in conclusion 总之
in short 简而言之 by doing so 籍此
consequently 因此 as has been noted 如前所述
as I have said 如我所述 at last 终于
in summary 摘要地说 therefore 因此
thus 因此 to sum up
总而言之
to conclude 总而言之 as a consequence
因此
so 所以 obviously 显然
certainly 无疑 on the whole 就全体而论；整个看来
at length 最后，终于 truly 的确
in brief 简而言之 in sum，总之；简而言之
to speak frankly 坦白地说 eventually 最终
accordingly 于是 indeed 确实
surely 无疑 no doubt 毫无疑问
三．根据衔接词本身的意思和文章连接所需要的逻辑意义，可分为以下14 类。
1.表示因果关系 as a result He never studied hard, and as a result he failed in the last examination. as a result of He is late for work as a result of traffic accident.
accordingly He want to buy a radio for study English, and accordingly her mother bought it for him. because (of) We are delayed because of a traffic jam. due to His success is due to his excellent work. owing to
Owing to his absence, our meeting is canceled thanks to
Thanks to your help, or I will have failed in the examination. now that Now that you have grown up, you must earn for yourself. as long as
You could accomplish your dream so long as you try it again and again. since
Since you are here now, you’d better give a hand. on account of Don’t give up on account of his advice. in that The policy is harmful in that it may encourage people to give up so that The officer spoke at the top of his voice so that every soldier could hear him.
consequently It rained so heavily, consequently, we cancelled the play to climb the mountain. hence
It is 12 now, hence you must take a sleep. the fact that The fact that you lost this time doesn’t necessarily mean you won’t be able to win next time therefore There is a calculating mistake there, therefore, the answer is wrong.
2.表示解释关系 as a matter of fact
I will go there this morning, as a matter of fact, I have only 10 minutes’ drive from you. as well I will go there. My friend will go with me as well. frankly speaking Frankly speaking, I am not very satisfactory with your words. in this case In this case, I will go there as soon as possible.
3.表示推理关系
or else Make haste, or else you will be late. otherwise You must bear this passport, otherwise you will be stopped by the guard. if so
If so, it will make a great difference. that implies He is in panic now, so that implies he is lying. to put it more precisely He is rather strong, to put it more precisely, he is a little sturdy. under no circumstances Under no circumstances will I go there.
4.表示递进关系 additionally I like playing cards, additionally, playing chess is also my favorite. in addition I need your help. In addition, I also need her support. besides First, we must work hard. Besides, we must work with a creative mind. and moreover The hat is the right size for you, and moreover, it goes well with your skin. that is to say The stock price is declining, that is to say, I am losing money. furthermore She is kind, and furthermore, she is beautiful. in other words I am not hungry, in other words, I really dislike the food in this canteen. equally important You should read more news from newspapers and equally important, keep an eye on the news from the radio. what’s more
It is harmful to my health, and what’s more, it is no good to my work. last but not least Last but not least, my thanks should go to every member of my class.
5.表比较关系 equally as a teacher, I should teach well. But equally, I should study well. in comparison with
In comparison with the red one, I would like to choose the blue cap. in the same way It is such a coincidence that we figure it out in the same way.
in contrast to
In contrast to your belief, I quite disagree with you, instead
If you don’t go, I’ll go instead. on the contrary You thought I like it. On the contrary, I dislike it. in contrast It is hot in the daytime, but in contrast it’s very cold at night. while We are happy in China, while most Africans live unhappily.
6.表选择关系 alternatively You may take the exam．Alternatively you take another one next year． either... o r Either you or I will go there． rather than In this matter，the parents should be blamed rather than the children． instead of You should be reading books instead of lying there in bed． not....but She is not an English teacher，but a German student． whether... or not I wonder whether you will come or not this afternoon． neither...nor
Neither you nor I will go there．He will come this afternoon．
7.表转折关系 although Although he is old，he still work everyday． despite I will visit him despite the heavy snow
at the same time The little kid bring troubles，but at the same time you can"t help liking him. even though Even she is late, she walks slow. however I planned to go there, however, the incident suddenly interrupt my normal work. in spite of In spite of the boy’s sincerity, the teacher is still very angry. nevertheless
Nevertheless, I would try to make a remedy. regardless of
Regardless of age, sex, race and economic level, all men are equal.
notwithstanding I have determined, notwithstanding your disapproval. on the contrary I used to think that the result will be good. On the contrary, it turns out to be bad. still
It’s raining cats and dogs outside; still, I will visit him. though I will visit him though it is raining there. otherwise We must be hurry, otherwise we can not catch the bus. while Sadness is beautiful while loneliness is tragical. yet
He is sentimental sometimes, yet I still like him.
8.表总结关系 all in all All in all, we must cope with it well. briefly Briefly, I agree with you on the matter. in conclusion In conclusion, the first opinion is much more reasonable than the latter idea. in summary In summary, we can’t fully believe what we heard from others. to sum up To sum up, teaching student is not an easy task to perform. on the whole On the whole, the book is extremely valuable. in all In all, it is great to be a father. in short In short, actions speak louder than words. in brief In brief, to help others is to help yourself. in a word In a word, we will win while they will loose. in terms In practical terms, I believe it will work. in sum In sum, it is great to be a teacher. to summarize To summarize, spare the rod, spoil the children. to conclude To conclude, it is true that we should pay more attention to this problem.
9.表次序关系 above all Above all, remember to call me when you arrive. afterwards We played the whole day and afterwards walked home together in the evening. eventually Eventually, he rose to the position of vice president. first/firstly/first of all First(ly)/First of all, I"ll mention the history. second/secondly Second/secondly, I will mention the present. furthermore Furthermore, it is not good enough in this respect. finally Finally, I agree with you on this matter. last but not least Last but not least, my personal efforts also play a small role in the accomplishment of the task. to conclude To conclude, life is not a battle if you want to be a normal man. lastly Lastly, I must say it will be remembered by people around the world. in the end In the end, they parted each other at the cross road.
10.表强调关系 above all Above all, the good policy makes us dare to be rich. of course Of course you will fall behind if you don"t study harder. indeed I am indeed very glad to see you are well and sound. most important Most important, it is a book for sale first. with great emphasis on He delivered a speech with emphasis on the solar energy.
11.表示过度关系 as regards as regards your school report, I don"t quite agree. as to/as for She"s very uncertain as to where he is now. by the way
By the way, there is a letter for you in the President"s office. with reference to With reference to further information, please let me know. with regard to With regard to your score in last examination, I am afraid it is not a good news for you. regarding It is a book regarding the War at Hasting. concerning Nobody have the information concerning his whereabouts. talking of Talking of philosophy, I know little about it. incidentally Incidentally, your proposal has most people"s attention, to resume To resume our discussion, how do you think of Lincoln? to get back to the point To get back to the point, have you ever visited Mr. Johnson?
12.表示举例关系
as follows The reasons are as follows. a case in point A case in point, Qingdao is such a beautiful city. for example For example, Chairman Mao is such a great hero. for instance There are many advantages, for instance, it can make your book perfect. including There are many children there, including a 2-year-old baby. to illustrate To illustrate, I can give you many examples.
13.表示同指关系 that is There are two persons there, that is, Tom and Jack. in other words In other words, we must finish it before he comes. that is to say let"s go back to the original plan, that is to say, you must go there.
14.表示时间关系 after a while After a while, he came back with smile on his face. afterwards
Tom came in for a cup of tea, then he went out soon afterwards. as long as You may borrow this book as long as you return it. at last At last, we succeed. at length At length he told us the truth. at that time At that time, all people are poor. eventually We waited for her on and on, and eventually she came. finally After a heated discussion, finally he gave up. in the past In the past he was very naughty. meanwhile Tom was listening to the radio, and meanwhile Adam was reading. presently He is presently the president of the U.S..
so far
So far he"s been to China more than 3 times.
thereafter Thereafter, they lived a happy life. until I did not feel hungry until midnight. until now He has not come until now. when I used to listen to the radio when I was young.
第三章
名言佳句及写作中的一些惯用表达
一．典型句型及惯用表达
1．论证和说明的常用句型 (1)As it is described that… (2)It has been illustrated that… (3)It provides a good example of… (4)History may provide us with the examples of … (5)According to a latest study, it can be predicted…
(6)According to the statistics provided… (7)A recent investigation indicates that… (8)The situation is not unique; it is typical of doze...
